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567 . [9] However, France delayed the return of the Saar. On 16 July 1947 the Saar mark replaced the Reichsmark as legal tender in the Saar Protectorate, followed by the integration of the Saar into the French currency area on 15 November the same year. Saarland is governed by a state parliament, whose members are elected every four years. In 1920, the Saar region was created as the Territory of the Saar Basin The penalties imposed on Germany after the First World War included the permanent or temporary annexation of territory, including the Saarland area of the Rhineland, which was rich in coal. 2. Researchers are encouraged to review the source information attached to each item. The vote A policy of industrial disarmament and dispersal of industrial workers was officially pursued by the Allies after the war until 1951. over the years as Saargebiet (1920-1935) In 1935, Nazi Germany established its full sovereignty over the territory. League run, first, by a Frenchman, then by a Canadian and thirdly by a In July 1945, two months after World War II had ended in Europe, the Allied forces were redeploying from the areas they had conquered into their respective zones of occupation. Various releases by the Information Section of the League of Nations are indispensable. The final cost of the plebiscite, including the cost of the international police force, has not yet been determined. Learn more . A requiem mass for them drew large crowds, and a Catholic newspaper Neue Saar Post opposing Saar's return to Germany gained many new followers. The Saar plebiscite is cited by many historians as the first step to war. The iron- and metal-processing industries include the production of steel and the construction of machinery, autos, and auto components. View all Google Scholar citations By the Middle Ages, Saar consisted of several small territories, the largest of which was centred on the city of Saarbrcken. (1935) Under the Auspices of the League, Saar Plebiscite. was divided between the Prussian Empire and the Kingdom of Bavaria. industrialized territory and its coal fields were awarded to France. A yes or no answer. Most of the states settlements are small agricultural or mining towns. In the plebiscite, held on January 13, 1935, more than 90 percent of the inhabitants of Saar voted for its return to Germany. In the plebiscite, held on January 13, 1935, more than 90 percent of the inhabitants of Saar voted for its return to Germany. However, in the general election of December 1952, 24% of the voters cast blank ballots in support of banned pro-German parties (while the majority still voted for one of the legal parties who wanted the Saar to remain autonomous). 3 League of Nations, Official Journal, January, 1934, p. 161Google Scholar. Agriculture is relatively insignificant. This article is about the French Saar protectorate established after World War II. [1] Background [ edit] A the region, beginning the Franco-Prussian War. VII. At the end of 15 years, a plebiscite was to be held to determine the final status of the Saar. The Coming Saab Plebiscite: CQR the end of World War I, Saar was occupied by Britain and France, under Its location on the border between France and Germany has given [Place of Publication Not Identified: Publisher Not Identified, -01-15] Photograph. On 10 July 1945, US forces left the Saar and French troops established their occupational administration. At the end of that time, it would hold a. Ed.). Among the imports from France are meat and meat products, motor vehicles, sheet metal, and iron ore. Saarland has a well-developed road network. The Old Bridge over the Saar River, Saarbrcken, Ger. The Saar Plebiscite Sarah Wambaugh | Harvard University Press The Saar Plebsicite - johndclare.net 12 In my precinct, 324 voters voted in the first three hours. 2 Treaty of Versailles, Pt. Water transport, such as that along the canalized portion of the Saar River, is important. Why did the plebiscite not break the Treaty of Versailles? The most successful party, the CVP under Johannes Hoffmann formed the first government with the SPS. On 15 December 1947 the Saar was constituted by its constitution as the Saarland (took effect two days later), with an elected government under the control of the French high commissioner Gilbert Grandval. The small Blies and Prims rivers flow into the Saar River. The Saar Plebiscite Agreement By Sidney B. Fay Professor of History , Harvard University and Radcliffe College The vied question with the of Disarmament the Saar territory Con-vied with the Disarmament Con-ference during May for the attention of the German people. 1935. This vote took place on January 13, 1935. By decision of the Council, the Saar was united with Germany on 1 March 1935. [place of publication not identified] : [publisher not identified], 1935-01-15. The Saar's coal industry, the dominant industry in the region at the time, was nationalized and directly administered by France, in compensation for the destruction of French mines by the retreating Germans in 1918. [13], The report of General Brind on the Saar force recommended that in the future all such peacekeeping forces be assembled from countries with no direct interest in the matter at hand. The Saar competed in the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, and the Saarland national football team participated in the qualifying section of the 1954 FIFA World Cup, but failed to qualify after coming second to the West German team, but ahead of Norway. France aimed at winning over the Saar population for a future annexation. The French Mandate under the League of Nations, is located in the "Deutsche Abstimmungsgebiete" (German Plebiscite Territories) section. In July 1945, two months after World War II had ended in Europe, the Allied forces were redeploying from the areas they had conquered into their respective zones of occupation. 34. Although the Saar became a state of West Germany (as Saarland) on 1 January 1957, the franc remained legal tender in Saarland until 6 July 1959. 6 The cost of the plebiscite is to be borne by the German and French governments and by the Governing Commission. Saarbrcken is the largest city; other urban areas include Homburg, Vlklingen, Saarlouis, and St. Ingbert. Foreign Policy Report, Vol. Nations status. "useRatesEcommerce": true West Yorkshire, After the reunification of Saar with Germany, German 568 . The plan put forward a rapprochement between France, Germany, and other European countries wanting to participate. The Saar Plebiscite | American Political Science Review | Cambridge Core Napoleon in 1815, the region, with a majority ethnic German population, Production is oriented toward the needs of Saarlands urban population, but small quantities of dairy produce are exported to the other states, and meat, cattle, and bread are sold abroad. On Withdrawal of Germany from the League of Nations. In 1935, as preparations began to hold the plebiscite (vote) then Preamble of Saarland's Constitution). [16] The Sundy Mail of Adelaide, South Australia, reported that the opponents of the Saar's return to Germany were "hounded off the streets and even blockaded in homes". 10 See my German Election Administration (Columbia University Press, 1934), pp. 5 These resolutions are found in League of Nations, Official Journal, June, 1934, pp. Explain what a plebiscite is? The Saar plebiscite Flashcards by A History Teacher Saarland was a tiny piece of land that sat between Germany and france, important because had coal mines. [12], The German government was determined to score a landslide victory in the referendum for propaganda purposes, and created the Deutsche Front for this purpose in July 1933, which became a formidable force in the Saar thanks to generous financial support from Germany and its brutal methods, such as threats and voter intimidation. The climate is largely continental in character, but a maritime influence is quite evident in Saarlands moderately warm summers and mild winters. As a first step, France and Germany were to agree to pool their markets for coal and steel, following the establishment of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). [citation needed], In the Paris Agreements of 23 October 1954, France offered to establish an independent "Saarland", under the auspices of the Western European Union (WEU), but a referendum held on 23 October 1955 rejected this plan by 67.7% to 32.3% (out of a 96.5% turnout: 423,434 against, 201,975 for) despite the public support of West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer for the plan. "[13] The campaign on both sides focused on appealing to the Political Catholicism of the voters. The following conditions were laid down for the plebiscite: A vote will take place by communes or districts on the three following alternatives: (a) maintenance of the rgime established by the present Treaty and by this Annex; (b) union with France; (c) union with Germany. Hitler regarded this as a great success. Absent any such restrictions, these materials are free to use and reuse. Saar Protectorate - Wikipedia The Locarno Conference of October 1925, named for the small city in southern Switzerland where it was held, is remembered for the agreement known as the Locarno Pact. Italy army by 1939. The major products are grains, potatoes, vegetables, fruit, dairy products, and livestock. Had a greater army than the USA. October 27, 1956, a treaty between France and the Federal Republic of We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Plebiscite. and Chamberlain failed to notice that the Nazis had immediately backed down Corrections? for 15 years. Description based on data extracted from World Digital Library, which may be extracted from partner institutions. 3. France's attempts to internationalize the Ruhr (see International Authority for the Ruhr) were abandoned in 1950 when, in the face of Cold War pressures in Europe, the French government took an historic step in deciding that the only viable political model for the future lay in European integration. Under the Auspices of the League, Saar Plebiscite. Man. [18] Lewy Gunter believes that the result of the referendum could have been different with proper supervision, given the Catholic hostility towards the Nazi regime. (The president from the United States was Professor J. K. Pollock, author of this article. For all this Wambaugh had . [13] Helmut Schn, later World and European champion with West Germany, was the manager of the Saarland team from 1952 until Saarland became a part of West Germany in 1957.[14]. Saarland Industry and mining contribute most of the gross domestic product, followed closely by services and by trade, transportation, and agriculture. Many anti-Nazis had fled to the Saar after confront violence. [8], In order to achieve victory in the referendum, the Nazis resorted to "a mixture of cajolery and brutal pressure". Causes and Consequences of the Plebiscite in the Saar On 23 October 1955 the inhabitants of the Saar territory rejected by 423,434 to 201,973 votes a Statute to which the French and West German Governments had agreed, and according to which the Saar would have acquired an autonomy limited by the appoint- The Treaty -The army from 100,000 to almost 1 million. The result was, says one historian, ', the Total loading time: 0 was resoundingly displayed in the Saar plebiscite. And even more importantly, appeasers such as Daladier Memory of the World, - the report of the Central State Archive of Rhineland-Palatinate on the first expellees arriving in that state in 1950 to be resettled from other German states. On 30th of November, 1934, over seventy members of the Catholic clergy founded an organisation named Deutscher Volksbund fr Christlichsoziale Gemeinschaft, which held meetings every Sunday under mottoes "for return to Germany, but not to Hitler Germany" and "Christ is our leader, not Hitler. League of Nations mandate, to be continued for a period of 15 years, In July 1945, two months after World War II had ended in Europe, the Allied forces were redeploying from the areas they had conquered into their respective zones of occupation. the terror by Nazi Brownshirts Germans who lived outside Germany had shown Coordinates: 4923N 650E The Territory of the Saar Basin ( German: Saarbeckengebiet, Saarterritorium; [1] French: Territoire du bassin de la Sarre) was a region occupied and governed by the United Kingdom and France from 1920 to 1935 under a League of Nations mandate. The only area with a pronounced industrial character is a 9-mile- (14-km-) long strip along the Saar River valley between Brebach, a suburb of Saarbrcken, and Vlklingen, where several of the states large smelting works and steel mills are located. Around 1900, the region formed the third-largest area of coal, iron, and steel industry in Germany (after the Ruhr Area and the Upper Silesian Coal Basin). 1. A Plebiscite Commission and a Supreme Plebiscite Tribunal were created. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Where was the Saar?, What was decided should be done to the Saar after WW1?, What were the results of the plebiscite? (2006 est.) Much support was given to the Mouvement pour le Rattachement de la Sarre la France, a Francophile movement founded by Saar exiles in Paris in early 1945, with many of the exiles having returned after the war. 15 The complete official returns by districts as given out over the radio may be found in Le Temps, January 16, 1935, and in the League of Nations documents C. 44(1), M. 19(1). The French subsequently agreed (1956) to the return of Saar to West Germany, and on January 1, 1957, Saarland finally achieved its present status as a federal state of Germany. political and Jewish refugees) and war-related relocations (e.g. [4][5] All expenses above and beyond those normally incurred for the same troops were charged to the League fund set aside for the plebiscite. Cold War pressures for a stronger Germany allowed renewed industrialization, and the French returned control of the region to the government of West Germany founded on the AmericanBritishFrench occupation zones. It was decided the Saar Basin, an important coal-mining region, should be run by the League of Nations for 15 years. of Versailles had put the Saar under the control of the League of Nations