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Despite this he did his best to become immortal. These were: Question 8. The main subjects were history, epics, astrology, philosophy, science and poetry. Answer: The development of Mesopotamia from a prosperous village to a city proves that natural fertility and high levels of food production were not the only factors responsible for urbanisation. Who was the famous ruler of Mari? Answer: This palace was the hub of administration and a centre of production of beautiful ornaments. who were not practicing agriculture. World History Encyclopedia. Ziggurat was the name given to Sumerian temples. Which was the ancient town of Mesopotamia? In this Course, Anjali Yadav will explain the development of writing in Mesopotamia. Cuneiform was instrumental in writing epics, enabling kings to rule, and script legal systems. The early urban society was divided into three classes. Answer: (iii) The God ofUr came into the dream of Nabonidus. Answer: What do you know about sacred temples of Mesopotamia? (ii) Southern limit of zone of rain-fed agriculture Explain. Question 20. Question 22. Cuneiform is a system of writing first developed by the ancient Sumerians of Mesopotamia c. 3500 BCE. The pictographs provided only a means to depict nouns, and there was a need for a better way of writing. Women enjoyed a respectable position in society. The city expanded around 2800 BCE. Their importance as well as size began to increase. Many minor kings from north Syria came to see it, carrying with him a letter of introduction from royal friends of the king of Mari. These earliest developed cities were: Question 7. Important innovations of this civilization include standardized weights and measures, seal carving, and metallurgy with copper, bronze, lead, and tin. Writing and city life Class 11 History Notes - StudyTution He himself wrote many texts and got back the lost glory and prestige of Nineveh. Why do we say that it was not natural fertility and high levels of food production that were the causes of early urbanization? (ii) What were the various types of seals? What do you know about the script used by Mesopotamias? included tasks such as maintaining the records of goods like sheep, agricultural produce, stones, leather, pots, and so forth. helped develop a form that was devoid of representational images and capable of conveying abstract concepts. writing in early mesopotamia wriwtwring eea lgymsoyp 127 writing is arguably the greatest obstacle to describing the language. The earliest language known to Mesopotamian was the Sumerian. Question 28. Women were free to set up their own trade and could even keep slaves for either male or female. Answer: Mesopotamian southern region is desert, but the rivers Euphrates and Tigris support the city life here. The earliest language known to the Mesopotamians was Sumerian. It is believed that the written language was evoked by temple priests, who were assigned to look after temples independently by the king. (iii) Why is it a world famous sculpture? Urbanization in Southern Mesopotamia 5. Mesopotamian inventions include many items taken for granted today, most of which were created during the Early Dynastic Period (2900-2334 BCE) or developed from achievements of the Uruk Period (4100-2900 BCE). Mesopotamia was one of the advanced civilizations of its time. 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In spite of natural fertility, agriculture was the subject to hazards. Why. The palace had only an entrance from the north and had a large courtyard such as 131 were beautifully paved. It is the same period that witnessed the development of language. Describe any two features of Mesopotamian script. Class 11 History Chapter 2 Long Answer Type Questions. Question 40. The three unique characteristics of Mesopotamian civilization were: Question 39. Answer: It was written by Uruk ruler Gilgamesh, who ruled there about 2700 BCE. Or They engraved the pictures like signs and numbers of oxen, fish, etc. (HOTS) Answer: Tablets with multiplication and division tables, square and square-root tables, and tables of compound interest are found; dating around 1800 BCE. Question 5. We can conclude that the Mesopotamian system of writing was a combination of intellect, skill, and art. What do you know about the ancient town Ur of Mesopotamia? It was a well-known commercial centre and a port was destroyed by Elemites around 2200 BCE. Answer: Answer: Mesopotamia is the site of the earliest developments of the Neolithic Revolution from around 10,000 BC. Explain in detail. Question 1. Holders had to raise the level of their house for proper arrangement of light inside their rooms. Writing is a representation of the sounds that we speak. Describe the well-known facts regarding Ur, one of the earliest cities to have been excavated. Another famous ruler of this town was Gilgamesh. It was Akkad ruler, Sargon, who ruled from 2370 to 2315 BCE. Nabonidus felt he had to repair the statue. All the literary works available in the library were arranged subject-wise. These were about 5,000 lists of oxen, fish, bread loaves, etc. Geographical diversity existed in Iraq. Which types of community resided in Mari kingdom? Also see How to Prepare for UPSC without Coaching. We can conclude that the Mesopotamian system of writing was a combination of intellect, skill, and art. North-east region is lush green region. People could reach to this shrine by broad staircase or a ramp. First of all, archaeological work began in Mesopotamia in 1840 at the given sites. The common people were engaged in the extraction of stones, making mud-bricks, etc. It also enlists the development and the importance of writing. Ancient civilization refers specifically to the first settled and stable communities that became the basis for later states, nations, and empires. An Early Library: Questions: The wind flow pattern results from uneven heating of land and water. Question 4. The pictographs provided only a means to depict nouns, and there was a need for a better way of writing. (i) Zone of agricultural productivity The city of Babylon had played an outstanding role in the ancient history of Mesopotamia. Answer: But truly speaking, the languages of the Mesopotamian have given a very long way in helping the historians, who after carefully examining and analyzing it throws a floodlight on this ancient civilization. It is well known for its development of city life, rich literature, and mathematics. Scribes would take a stylus (a stick made from a reed) and press the lines and symbols into soft, moist clay. (v) Assurbanipal was the famous ruler of Nineveh, who played an important role in its development. The city had also made tremendous progress in the field of language, literature, science, medicine, etc. But its prestige began to lose after his death. In the north-east region, sheepary goats were grazed on steppe by the Mesopotamias. Devdasi system was also prevalent in society but was not considered inimical to healthy social value. Answer: (iii) What does the presence of pig bones along with burial indicate? He took keen interest in the development of literature and established a massive library in the temple of Nabu at Nineveh. by Tim Sexton. "Mesopotamia: The Development of Written Language." The Sumerians are credited with the earliest inventions, which were further developed in the Akkadian Period (2334-2218 BCE) and then by later Mesopotamian civilizations. He also encouraged trade. A few houses that were discovered were excavated. It was twice in size when compared to Indus valley civilization. NCERT Solutions for Class 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12. The Gilgamesh epic occupies a special place not only in Sumerian literature, but also in world history. For example, the construction of temple in Uruk city was done by 1500 people working 10 hours a day. One can see lists of oxen, bread loaves, and fish that were transported into the temple city of Uruk. On another occasion, Naboniduss men brought to him a broken statue inscribed with the name of Sargon, king of Akkad. It is because of the following reasons: (iii) (a) Name the place acknowledged as the center of high culture by Assyrian. The word Cuneiform is derived from two Latin words. Answer: Question 10. These were made of stone and were cylindrical in shape. The word Mesos means the middle and Potamas means river. The large number of symbols coupled with the complexity of the language led to low literacy rate in Mesopotamia. This is a world-famous piece of sculpture, admired for the delicate modelling of the womans mouth, chin and cheeks. Sexton, Tim. They drained a vast mountain region. This was replaced by Akkadian language around 2400 BCE. There was a similar striking story in Mesopotamian tradition, where the principal character was called Ziusudra or Utnapishtim. Well before 3000 B.C.E. (i) The womans head was sculpted in white marble at Uruk. (i) Explain in brief the procedure adopted to discover Abu Salabikh? Situated on the bank of the river Euphrates, about 2500 kilometers south-east of modern capital city of Baghdad, Uruk is an ancient Mesopotamian city. Undoubtedly, we can say that the use of seals played a significant role in the growth of urbanization. The transfer of such valuable knowledge would never have been possible in the absence of the writing tradition of Mesopotamia. Question 4. We also highlight the urbanisation process that began in southern Mesopotamia. The division of labor is believed to be the major factor behind the growth of urbanization; because, the people of towns were not self-sufficient. Sometimes the farmers used to their (animal herders) way, which hampered their access to sources of water. In case seals were found tampered with, it meant the back had been pilfered on the way otherwise it was safe and secure. Answer: He realised the fact that hi. 1. From that time, even after the Achaemenids of Iran conquered Babylon in 539 BCE and until 331 BCE when Alexander conquered Babylon, Babylon was the premier city of the world, more than 850 hectares, with a triple wall, great palaces and temples, a ziggurat or stepped tower, and a processional way to the ritual centre. He also contributed a lot in the field of architecture and constructed many temples and several of his own statues. Question 15. It was a very lengthy procedure. The king belonged to Amorite community. At first, the writing was simple pictograms . Answer: Theme 2. Writing and City Life (Ancient Mesopotamia) (Lesson Notes) (i) Seals were made of stones. (i) Where was the womans head sculpture discovered? Increasing Activities of the Temples: Question 5. Discuss the essential values of Mesopotamians town planning. Ur was re-established under Ur-Nammu in 2100 BCE. Meanwhile a snake came here and took away that plant. When the river Euphrates enters the desert, it gets divided into small channels. Question 6. The scribe had to learn a huge gamut of the wedge-like symbols. He also patronised literature and constructed a massive library in the temple of Nabu. Which language replaced it and when? Question 36. Question 9. This chapter discusses the development of historical writing in early Mesopotamia. Prepare a note on the art of writing in Mesopotamia. It was a famous palace of his time. Question 5. Which factors suggest that Ur was an unplanned city? Temples also had their outer wall going in and out at regular intervals, which no ordinary building ever had. The Mesopotamian script was pictographic. Archaeological discoveries also depict that Europeans had a keen interest in this region. The study of ancient civilization is concerned with the earliest segments of . This city was designed without planning as the excavation depicted. Name its capital also. He further stated that he found the stele of a very early king and observed on that stele the carved image of the priestess. Find UPSC Note on History Class 11: Writing Tradition of Mesopotamia It was again destroyed during Hammurabis invasion in 1759 BCE. Cuneiform The initial writing of the Sumerians utilized simple pictures or pictograms. Mesopotamia boasted of an impressive tradition of schooling. Answer: He writes: Because for a very long-time the office of High Priestess had been forgotten, her characteristic features nowhere indicated, I bethought myself day after day. Questions: Mesopotamia and its Geography, Urbanism in Mesopotamia, The Development of Writing in Mesopotamia, Literacy in Mesopotamia will also be covered. Question 18. And although Sumerian ceased to be spoken after about 1800 BCE, it continued to be taught in schools, through vocabulary texts, sign lists, bilingual (Sumerian and Akkadian) tablets, etc. Remove Ads. (e) the use of seals They believed that the first door that did not open towards another house was good and praiseworthy. Answer: Why were there often clashes between the animal herders and farmers of Mari? These temples were made of baked bricks. The first class or group of the people coming from elites and consisted of the king (Monarch), the priest, the officials, rich merchants and businessmen, high military officials, etc. Answer: Uniformity was followed in the construction of houses. World History Encyclopedia, 07 Feb 2017. Early Mesopotamia | The Oxford History of Historical WritingVolume 1 Here in Uruk the war prisoner had to do compulsory labour either for the ruler or for construction of temple. These rivers deposit their silt by flooding in the region and make the soil fertile. Justify the statement. (ii) The great Assurian king Assurbanipal established a huge library at Nineveh. Why do we divide an. Only a tablet of wet clay was useful to write on since dry clay would break into pieces. from a large section of population. There used to be an open courtyard around which rooms were constructed. Some magnificent features of Babylon were as follows: Question 3. Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University. was able to sustain through thousands of years by outliving the Sumerian language. (ii) Who released Babylonia from Assyrian domination and when? What do you know about the emergence of Nineveh? Most of the houses were of single story having a courtyard. Both are river valley civilizations. The term civilization basically means the level of development at which people live together peacefully in communities. Some of the cities developed around temples, some developed as centres of trade, and some developed as imperial cities. This town reached its zenith of prosperity during the period from 2800 to 2300 BCE. Reading and writing of these signs were very complicated. (i) Which type of state economy was prevalent at that time? Mesopotamian king enjoyed the supreme status in the society and also enjoyed extensive power. This type of family comprises a man, his wife and children. These scribes were trained to read and write in schools where huge collection of tablets were created and acquired fame. Sep 6, 2021 1h 1m 17 views . It was the Sun. The invention of writing methods by Mesopotamians involved a cuneiform system of writing symbols that could represent syllables and words. In case, the door opened outward, it is believed that their strained relations between the husband and the wife residing in it. Which were the major crops produced during Roman civilization? Examine how they carved cuneiform characters into clay tablets andthen explore Sumerian myths. Answer: Consider the following example: Most of the kingdom was covered by pastoralists. Answer: Embedded by Amanda Iliadis, published on 07 February 2017. Explain with the help of an example, how did compulsory labor make possible the construction of temples, palaces, buildings, etc. Answer: Sumerians were recording their language using simple pictures. Give some facts to show geographical diversities that existed in Iraq. Question 8. The digging work was carefully carried out with high standards for accuracy. Answer: They wore expensive clothes and used to eat sumptuous foods. Hammurabi had issued a special order to construct cities according to a definite plan. Mari was an important city of ancient Mesopotamia. This town was a famous part as well as a trading town. Predynastic tablets from Abydos and Symbols on pottery ; Scribes were very important people They were trained to write cuneiform and record many of the languages spoken in Mesopotamia Without scribes, letters would not have been written or read, royal monuments would not have been carved with cuneiform, and stories would have been told and then forgotten Scribes . Several superstitious beliefs were also prevalent among Ur people regarding their houses under consideration. Another description from the Bible: According to the Bible, the flood was meant to destroy all forms of life on the earth. In fact, one house burial contained some pig bonesthe dead person must have been given some pork for his nourishment in the afterlife! How did development of writing take place in Mesopotamia The video and its description text are provided by Youtube. At that time, it covered an area of more than 850 hectares. In animation, this video describes the development of cuneiform script, the importance of documenting, the occupation of scribes and a brief description of a few myths (including the Epic of Gilgamesh ), all pertinent to Sumerian culture in Mesopotamia.