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Nevertheless, harvesting wild specimens has become a challenge given that natural populations of the fungus are decreasing and because large-scale culture of it has not yet been achieved. Fig. Choc, Nuqu, Biological Station El Amargal, GPS: 534'39''N7730'49'' S, elev. 8600 Rockville Pike C) Asci stained with cotton blue dye showing the curved filiform ascospores Scale bars: A = 5 cm, B = 10 m 40 , C = 10 m 100 . Within the genus, Ophiocordyceps sinensis is the most coveted and expensive species in China. The Last Of Us: The science behind the real 'zombie' fungus - and is it Ophiocordyceps sinensis is a species that infects the larvae of moths, mostly ants, and has been used in traditional Chinese medicine. However, its supply is rapidly decreasing mainly due to its over-exploitation [4]. & M.A.Curtis) Petch Catalogue of Life Checklist Kepler RM1, Luangsa-Ard JJ2, Hywel-Jones NL3, Quandt CA4, Sung GH5, Rehner SA6, Aime MC7, Henkel TW8, Sanjuan T9, Zare R10, Chen M11, Li Z3, Rossman AY12, Spatafora JW12, Shrestha B13 Author information Affiliations 1 author 1. 560 m, average temperature of 28C, and an average relative humidity of 75%). PCA analysis for the culture medium across different solvent fractions. A) methanol, B) water, and C) n-hexane extracts. Several of these metabolites corresponded to peptides, vitamins, organic acids and sugars (S3 Table), among which some were recognized some of them as potential bioactive compounds. Cordyceps militaris OSC93623. This work was supported in part from the project The phylogenetic relationship of Cordyceps in the Insecta Class in the Amazon of Colombia Code 489-2009 (COLCIENCIAS, Department of Science and Technology of Colombia), and the project Metabolmics de Cordyceps nidus and Cordyceps takaomontana: a bioprospective analysis, code 1204-669-46686 (COLCIENCIAS) to metabolomics analysis and to prepare and publish the manuscript. and Curt. Bacillus spp. The worldwide demand for products derived from cultivable fungal species with medicinal properties has increased recently. are able to produce endospores and have shown to be resistant to antibiotics [72]. 150 m. 6 Jan 2008, A. Vasco 1962, HUA 186110. Finally, n-hexane fractions showed a low number of extracted metabolites with a total of 1,588 compounds. 1.32 107, c. 5.83 1011, d. 4.11 1011, e. 3.72 103, f. 2.85 103, g. 1.64 1014, h. 2.39 1012, i. The third location, where one sample was collected in June 2014, was El Amargal Biological Station Nuqui, a pacific tropical rainforest located in Choc, Colombia (elev. Mushroom Observer: Observation 276761: Cordyceps caloceroides group e0179428. Phylogeography and evolution of a fungalinsect association on the Tibetan Plateau. Polar and non-polar fractions were lyophilized and dried, respectively, and then adjusted to a final concentration of 4 mg of extracted fungal biomass per 1 mL of solvent. 150 m, 11 Sep 2011, T. Sanjuan 989 Paratype: ANDES-F 1040. Cordyceps nidus T. Sanjuan, J.S. Competing Interests: Nicolas Schauer and Sandra Trenkamp are employed by Metabolomic Discoveries GmbH. Created: 2017-05-17 14:37:30 CDT (-0400)Last modified: 2023-06-17 02:35:02 CDT (-0400)Viewed: 160 times, last viewed: 2023-06-30 00:44:25 CDT (-0400)Show Log, Copyright 1996 CAROL A. ELLISON & HARRY C. EVANS, Cuyabeno Wildlife Reserve, Sucumbos, Ecuador. The worldwide demand for products derived from cultivable fungal species with medicinal properties has increased recently. Furthermore, methanol fractions showed antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria, and less than 3.00 mg of gallic acid equivalents per g of dried extract were obtained when assessing its total phenolic content by modified Folin-Ciocalteu method. The electronic version of this article in Portable Document Format (PDF) in a work with an ISSN or ISBN will represent a published work according to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, and hence the new names contained in the electronic publication of a PLOS ONE article are effectively published under that Code from the electronic edition alone, so there is no longer any need to provide printed copies. Statistical analyses were done using the software JMP Genomics 5.1 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, 19892007). PMC Six samples were collected in the Chicaque Natural Park, a cloud forest located in the Municipality of San Antonio del Tequendama, Cundinamarca, Colombia (elev. It was shown that many species of Cordyceps played a significant role in the cycling of matter in an ecological system, had a high ecological and economic value for biocontrol and bioactive compounds, and served as a model system for research on fungal insect pathology (Zha et al., 2018; Chen W. H. et al., 2019). Collected material was observed under light microscopy after rehydrating in a 3% (w v-1) potassium hydroxide solution, and then staining with an aqueous solution of Congo red at 5% (w v-1) and lacto-fuchsine solution (0.1% (w v-1) of fuchsine acid dissolved in lactic acid). Wells with gentamicin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), amphotericin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), and chlorhexidine (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) at 100 g mL-1 were used as positive controls for bacteria, molds, and yeasts, respectively. Here is a specimen of Cordyceps caloceroides, the tarantula-specific "zombie fungus" hand-painted in watercolor and pen. ECUADOR, Pichincha, Canton Quito, protected forest Guajalito river, 0015'54''S 7840'00''W, 2400 m, 20 Dic 2003 I. Vargas 022, QCNE 186229. See this image and copyright information in PMC. http://mushroomobserver.org/observer/observation_search?pattern=cordyceps+caloceroides). Our samples grouped into a new taxon with a strong statistical support (bootstrap, MLBS = 99; PP = 1) inside the Cordycipitaceae family (Fig 1). Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error, Combined data set of SSU, LSU, TEF, RPB1, and RPB2 nuclear loci. In addition, new names contained in this work have been submitted to MycoBank from where they will be made available to the Global Names Index. [2] The widespread genus, first described scientifically by British mycologist Tom Petch in 1931,[3] contains about 140 species that grow on insects. The remaining part of the specimen was placed in a single plastic bag with silica gel for transportation and posterior manipulation in the laboratory. Taxonomy browser (Ophiocordyceps caloceroides) - National Center for Bookshelf Width and length of perithecia, asci, ascospores, and partspores were measured using a MOBIC B3000 compound microscope. This biomass was kept at -20C until it was lyophilized and ground for posterior extraction of metabolites. Juan Chiriv, Species in this complex are morphologically highly similar and can hardly be distinguished macroscopically. Furthermore, the metabolome of C. nidus has a very diverse composition which is dependent on the substrate where the fungus is grown. Thus, new alternative compounds for disease treatments are needed. Epub 2012 Oct 23. Newman DJ, Cragg GM. The MIC assay was done in triplicate starting with a concentration of 50 mg of fungal material per 1 mL of solvent and diluting by half the concentration until an inhibition halo was no longer observed. Cordyceps fungi are beautiful, and harmless to humans! Cordyceps | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Cancer Care Cordyceps Purported Benefits, Side Effects & More Share Common Names Vegetable caterpillar Chinese caterpillar fungus Dong chong xia cao Semitake Hsia ts'ao tung ch'ung Yarsha gumba Jump to: For Patients & Caregivers For Healthcare Professionals For Patients & Caregivers nov. Total phenolic content (TPC) from C . New rDNA sequences generated in this study are publicly available in GenBank (S1 Table). Total phenolic content (TPC) from. (E) Asci. 2.500 m. 17 Feb 2015 T. Sanjuan 1163 Paratype: ANDES-F 1080, 3 Dic 2015, T. Sanjuan 1202, ANDES-F 1247. Methuen Handbook of Color was used for color descriptions of stromata [21]. Cordyceps caloceroides. Wells containing water and n-hexane were used as negative controls. On the other hand, a linear increase of TPC was observed for samples grown on BR medium through time (R2 > 0.99). This study showed that there are differences in the intracellular metabolite composition of Cordyceps nidus when grown on different substrates. and transmitted securely. Polyphenols are important constituents of fungi, given that they can act as antioxidants due to their capacity to scavenge free radicals [78]. A standard color chart was used to describe the color of colonies [22]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179428.t001. Yes Combined data set of SSU, LSU, TEF, RPB1, and RPB2 nuclear loci. . The final tree was edited in FigTree v1.4.0 (http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/) and Adobe Illustrator CS5 (Adobe Systems Inc., CA, USA). Three fractions of extracts deriving from three solvents: n-hexane as a non-polar solvent and methanol and water as polar solvents were included. Natural products as sources of new drugs over the 30 years from 1981 to 2010. No antimicrobial activity was present for the water or n-hexane fractions and neither of the extract fractions studied was able to inhibit growth of molds, yeasts, or gram-negative bacteria. Subsequently, a small piece of tissue from a stroma was submerged and stored in cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) buffer (1.4 M NaCl; 100 mM TriseHCl pH 8.0; 20 mM EDTA pH 8.0; 2% CTAB w/v) for posterior DNA extraction [18]. Oh J, Yoon DH, Shrestha B, Choi HK, Sung GH. Cordyceps caloceroides is a species of fungi with 30 observations More Info Computer Vision Model Pending The current Computer Vision Model does not know about this taxon, so while it might be included in automated suggestions with the "Nearby" label, it will not have the "Visually Similar" label. No, PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US, Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179428, http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/, http://mushroomobserver.org/139860?q=1Xxc, http://mushroomobserver.org/observer/observation_search?pattern=cordyceps+caloceroides, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK190420/, https://www.dovepress.com/safety-and-efficacy-of-telbivudine-for-the-treatment-of-chronic-hepati-peer-reviewed-article-TCRM. We also found that BR showed the largest number of unique compounds (5.07%), followed by TA (2.30%), then SDAY-SS (1.76%), and finally SDAY (0.03%). No, Is the Subject Area "Adenosine" applicable to this article? Cordyceps rosea spat09.053. Collected during a British Mycological Society expedition to Ecuador. Additionally, we clarified the phylogenetic position of Ophiocordyceps caloceroides, which was firstly placed in the genus Ophiocordyceps by Petch in 1933, based on the morphology of its ascospores [42]. The metabolome of C. nidus presented more than 1,000 compounds for each solvent used for extraction. In the case of spider nests, we extracted the specimens by digging deep around the site to preserve the complete specimen. Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files. Ophiocordyceps - Wikipedia "In Fossilized Leaf, Clues to a Zombie Ant", "After This Fungus Turns Ants Into Zombies, Their Bodies Explode", "Hidden diversity behind the zombie-ant fungus Ophiocordyceps unilateralis: four new species described from carpenter ants in Minas Gerais, Brazil", "Graveyards on the Move: The Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Dead Ophiocordyceps-Infected Ants", "Ancient death-grip leaf scars reveal antfungal parasitism", "The Mechanisms of Pharmacological Activities of, "Ophiocordyceps. Remarkably, in this field metabolites such as cordysinin B are associated with antivirals, which is promising for further studies [53]. Known distribution: Tropical rain forest of Colombia and Ecuador. Cordyceps - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Free and Open Access to Biodiversity Data. Life. Metabolomic Discoveries GmbH provides support in the form of salaries for authors NS and ST but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Metabolites were identified by using Metabolomic Discoveries' database entries of authentic standards. Error bars correspond to the standard deviation obtained from eight independent replicates. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted We thank Joao Araujo and Aida Vasco for making collections available for this study. Fungi represent an important source of novel bioactive entities for drug development and therapeutic agents [1]. Conidial state: Colonies on PDA slow-growing, reaching 28.530.0 mm in diameter in 10 days at 25C, white (N00A00M00) to pale orange (N00A50M50), velvety; reverse deep orange (N00A99M80) to pale orange (N00A50M50), margin entire, soluble pigments not produced. This fungus is only found buried deep in the ground parasitizing larvae of the ghost moth Thitarodes spp (Lepidoptera: Hepialide) up to 5.000 meters of altitude in the eastern and southern parts of the Tibetan Plateau [3]. Curtis, J. Linn. In Table 3, we depicted the functionality of some metabolites present in methanol fractions of C. nidus. Nevertheless, orange (N00A80M80) pigments were observed on the reverse of the colony that diffused into the BR medium. TL11464 was placed close to O. caloceroides sharing the same ancestor. (J-P). Furthermore, this compound was not substrate-dependent. Cordyceps is a type of fungus long used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Cordyceps: Benefits, Side Effects, Dosage, and Interactions Metabolomic Discoveries GmbH provides support in the form of salaries for authors NS and ST but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. On the other hand, we also found several metabolites associated as antimicrobials and antioxidants, which is in agreement with the tests performed in this study. Cordyceps nidus and C. caloceroides were located in the same clade of Cordyceps pruinosa, a group which is easily recognized by its red pruinose claviform stromata (Fig 2A). Metabolomic Discoveries GmbH, Postdam-Golm, Germany, * E-mail: t_sanjuan@hotmail.com (TS); srestrep@uniandes.edu.co (SR), Affiliations In this study, we propose a new species, Cordyceps nidus, which parasitizes underground nests of trapdoor spiders. have been mainly attributed to nucleosides, glycosylamines involved in the regulation and modulation of several biological processes and their derivatives [1011]. On the other hand, the presence of ophiocordin did not have an effect on tested fungi possibly due to its low concentration in the extracts. Sources and uses [ edit] Ophiocordyceps sinensis is a species that infects the larvae of moths, mostly ants, and has been used in traditional Chinese medicine. We also investigated the medicinal potential of this fungus based on its biochemical properties when grown on four different culture media. This species of fungi is parasitic on tarantulas. here. Extracts originating from four-weeks-old fungal cultures were tested by adding 20 L of the extract in each individual well. On the other hand, the genus Bacillus is one of the most predominant in the environment. PCR reaction mixture and PCR program were carried out as previously described [24]. From our assays, we found that methanol extractions had the highest activity against these pathogens, especially against E. faecalis, which is highly resistant to antibiotics. It is assigned to the genus Samsoniella (Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreales) possessing Cordyceps-like sexual morph and Isaria-like asexual morph, and thus a new combination, namely S. hepiali is. Asci cylindrical, (145-) 190360 24 m (n = 50), cap 34.2 1.23 m. This species is phylogenetically related to Cordyceps militaris, Cordyceps pruinosa, and a sibling species of Cordyceps caloceroides. : cordycepin, adenosine, inosine, and guanosine. Brown Rice medium was particularly interesting due to the high fungus biomass production on it. Diversity of Akanthomyces on moths (Lepidoptera) in Thailand - ResearchGate (D) Perithecia. 1900 to 2700 m, average temperature of 14C, and an average relative humidity of 85%). In the metabolite profile of the methanol fractions of C. nidus, several chemical components were found which could potentially act as bactericide. Introduction. Interestingly, some compounds present in C. nidus are related to active compounds involved in neuronal systems, such as L-acetylcarnitine [4344], aminocaproic acid [4952], pregabalin [61], amobarbital [62], and rivastigmine [63]. Tiputini Research Station, GPS: 038'14.84''S 7609'1.83''W, elev. Ophiocordycipitaceae is a diverse family comprising ecologically, economically, medicinally, and culturally important fungi. Both species were phylogenetically located in the same subclade of Cordyceps pruinosa, a species studied for its potential pharmacological properties, and were closer to the medicinale important fungus Cordyceps militaris. Living cultures: COLOMBIA, Cundinamarca, San Antonio del Tequendama, Chicaque Natural Park, GPS: 436'28.51''N, 7418'27.50O, elev. The genus Cordyceps: a chemical and pharmacological review. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179428.g006. The metabolomic profile of this new taxon was also explored through the assessment of the intracellular extracts in mycelial growing on different culture media. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Fungi Including Lichens. Yes It is found in tropical rainforests from Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia and Ecuador. The Ophiocordyceps myrmecophila complex is composed of pathogens specific to ants, found on the leaf litter or buried in soil and produce Hymenostilbe asexual morph. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). An ANOVA test was performed to confirm differences among mass intensities. 2021 Jun 2;9:673225. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.673225. These were then incubated at 25C [19]. Data set from n-hexane fractions was excluded from this analysis due to its strong matrix effect and the undifferentiated nucleoside composition (Figs 4 and 5). Yes All subsequent steps were carried out at Metabolomic Discoveries GmbH (Potsdam, Germany; http://www.metabolomicdiscoveries.com/). Etymology: In reference to the burrow of the trapdoor spiders. These fractions were used for metabolomic profiling and antimicrobial assays. Traditionally, the nucleosides cordycepin (3-deoxyadenosine), adenosine, inosine, guanosine, and uridine have been used as markers to assess the quality of natural and cultured species of Cordyceps [4, 1617]. Fig 7. Satellite bacterial colonies were observed inside the inhibition halos from antimicrobial assays performed with B. circulans. The name Cordyceps caloceroides is of type basionym. Statistical significance for alpha = 0.05: a. The .gov means its official. Two runs using four chains each (one cold and three heated) were performed. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help eCollection 2021. It is part of the exhibition of the Vancouver Mycological Society (http://mushroomobserver.org/139860?q=1Xxc). Four additional specimens were examined from the Herbario Nacional del Ecuador (QCNE), the Herbario de la Universidad de Antioquia (HUA) and Joao Araujo Personal collection. (PDF) Morphology and Phylogeny Reveal Five Novel Species - ResearchGate The analysis focused in the nucleosides compounds and non-reported metabolites. The specific roles of these authors are articulated in the author contributions" section. J Pharm Biomed Anal. Cordyceps Tarantula (Cordyceps caloceroides) T-Shirt - TeePublic eCollection 2022. de Menezes TA, Aburjaile FF, Quintanilha-Peixoto G, Tom LMR, Fonseca PLC, Mendes-Pereira T, Arajo DS, Melo TS, Kato RB, Delabie JHC, Ribeiro SP, Brenig B, Azevedo V, Drechsler-Santos ER, Andrade BS, Ges-Neto A. J Fungi (Basel). Metabolomic profile and nucleoside composition of Cordyceps nidus sp Subsequently, the entire suspension was added into a 250 mL glass beaker containing 50 mL of each of the four culture media tested. A) Stromata emerging from a nest of trapdoor spider from the family Idiopidae ANDES-F 1080 B) Inside of the nest with the red stromata on the lid HUA 186125. Yes nidus on different culture media. Cordyceps | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center A) A long stromata emerging from a big Theraphosidae spider (picture taken by Carlos Padilla on Yasuni Scientific Research Station, EC). The unique MycoBank number can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the MycoBank number contained in this publication to the prefix http://www.mycobank.org/MB/. Environmental characteristics, such as culture media, pH, and temperature, can be determining factors in the production of metabolites [5759]. The mass intensities of nucleosides and derivative compounds were higher in natural culture media in comparison to artificial culture media. PCR was conducted to amplify of five nuclear loci, including the small and large subunits (SSU and LSU) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA), the transcription elongation factor-1 (EF-1), and the first and second largest subunits of the RNA polymerase II (RPB1 and RPB2). is a large genus of arthropod-pathogenic fungi located in the order Hypocreales, some of which are traditionally used as medicinal mushrooms in China. The measured metabolite concentration was normalized to internal standard concentrations. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click Also this reaction was reported for Metarhizium martialis [23]. Cuyabeno Wildlife Reserve, Sucumbos, Ecuador [Click for map], Notes: This biochemical-physiological reaction was firstly reported by Petch in 1924, when he described C. pruinosa [56]. Differences between data obtained from the same week were compared by conducting a Students t-test through the statistical software R v 3.0.1[41]. Among these, L-Acetylcarnitine was predominant in C. nidus mycelia, reaching mass intensity values up to 107. Cordycepscaloceroides NCBI BLAST name: ascomycete fungi Rank: species Genetic code: Translation table 1 (Standard) Mitochondrial genetic code: Translation table 4 (Mold Mitochondrial; Protozoan Mitochondrial; Coelenterate Mitochondrial; Mycoplasma; Spiroplasma) Lineage( full ) Fig 1. What about cordyceps? Note: One additional specimen from Ecuadorian cloud forest which fit the morphology of C. caloceroides sensu stricto was examined. Cordyceps caloceroides Berk. & M.A.Curtis - GBIF Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Shroomers - Cordyceps caloceroides